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We first review some of the basic C++ constructs used in the rest ofthis chapter, so as to make subsequent material understandable toreaders familiar with C but not C++ . Beneath your beautiful mp3 download. Readers familiar with C++ canskip this section.
With a few exceptions, C++ is a pure extension of ANSI C. Mostvalid ANSI C programs are also valid C++ programs. C++ extends Cby adding strong typing and language support for data abstraction andobject-oriented programming.
ANSI standard C introduced function prototypes to the C language. Afunction prototype defines the type of each function argument and thefunction's return value (the function's signature ). Forexample:
C++ requires that function prototypes be provided for all functionsbefore they are used and enforces consistent function use between programfiles. Thus, it is possible to distinguish between functions that havethe same name but different signatures. C++ uses this capability toallow function names to be overloaded. That is, more than onefunction can be defined with the same name; the compiler comparesfunction call arguments with function signatures to determine whichversion to use.
In C programs, the library routines malloc and free areused for dynamic memory allocation. C++ defines two additionaloperators, new and delete, as illustrated in the followingcode fragments.
Notice that new is given a description of the type of the dataobject to be allocated; it returns a pointer to dynamically allocateddata of that type. The delete operator is used to releasedynamically allocated storage. The programmer must indicate when anarray of objects is being deleted.
The most significant feature that C++ adds to C is the concept ofclasses. A class can be thought of as a generalization of a Cstructure. In C, a structure groups together data elements of varioustypes under a single name; in C++ , structures can also contain member functions. Like data elements of a C structure, memberfunctions of a class can be accessed only through a reference to anobject of the appropriate type. In C++ , a class defines a scope inwhich names referring to functions and data can be defined. Classescan be introduced using the C keywords struct and unionor theC++ keyword class.
Program 5.1 illustrates various featuresof the C++ class mechanism. This program defines a class named Datum containing a data member x, a member function get_x, and two constructor functions. (Notice theC++ single-line comments; anything after a double slash //is a comment.) These terms are defined in the following discussion.
The syntax Datum::get_x() is used to name a member function get_x of Datum. This name, called a quantifiedname, specifies that we are referring to a function defined in thescope of Datum. If we do not quantify the name, we are definingthe global function get_x(), which is a differentfunction. Notice that within the definition of Datum::get_x()we can refer to the data member x directly, because x and get_x are defined in the same scope. We also could incorporatethe definition for function get_x directly in the classdefinition, as follows.
The two member functions named Datum are constructorfunctions for the Datum class. A constructor has the samename as the class to which it applies and, if defined, is calledwhenever an object of the appropriate type is created. Constructorfunctions are used to perform initialization and can be overloaded.
The function test in Program 5.1 creates and usesthree Datum objects, two of which are declared in the first two linesin the function body.Notice that the class name Datumcan be used directly; in C we would have to write struct Datum.In the third line, the new operator is used to allocate the third Datum object.
Because constructors have been defined for Datum, they will becalled whenever Datum objects are created. The constructor with noarguments, called a default constructor, is called when a_datum is created, thereby initializing the field x of a_datum to zero. The declaration of another_datum and the new operator both specify an integer argument and hence use thesecond constructor, thereby initializing the variable x to 23 inthese two cases.
Recall that in C, the fields of a structure are accessed by using thedot operator ( struct.fieldname), while the fields of a structureaccessible via a pointer are accessed with the arrow operator (structptr->fieldname). As illustrated in the function test,these same mechanisms can be used to refer to the member functions ofa C++ class.
The C++ class mechanism also supports protection. Members ofa C++ class can be designated as being either public or private. A public class member can be used without restrictionby any program that has a reference to an instance of a class. Publicdata members can be read or written, and public member functions may becalled. In contrast, private members can be accessed only from withinthe class object. Private data members can be accessed only by aclass member function, and private member functions can be called onlyfrom within another member function of the class. For example, thevariable x in the Datum class is a private variable andhence can be accessed by the member function get_x but cannotbe referenced directly as a_datum.x.
The final C++ feature described here is inheritance. As in C, aclass or structure can be included as a member of another class, hencedefining a has-a relationship between the two classes. In C++ ,inheritance is used to create an alternative relationship betweenclasses, an is-a relationship. If a class D inherits from classB, then all public members of B are also members of D. We say that Dis derived from B, and that D is a derived class while B is a baseclass. D includes all public members of B and may also includeadditional members, which are defined in the usual way. We can view Das being a specialized version of a B, hence the is-arelationship.
Program 5.2 illustrates the use of inheritance. Thesyntax for inheritance is to specify a list of base classes after thederived class name. The base class list is separated from the derivedclass name by a colon. The keywords public and privateare associated with the base class names to specify whether theinherited members are to be public or private members of the derivedclass.
Members of the base class can be redefined in the derived class. Forexample, in Program 5.2 class D redefines func2.When func2 is called from an object of type B, we access theversion of func2 defined in B. If func2 is called from anobject of type D, we get the version of func2 defined in D.
In some situations, we may want a base class to call functions thatare defined in a derived class. This facility is supported by aC++ mechanism called virtual functions. A function declaredvirtual in a base class can be defined in a derived class. Thisfeature, which allows a programmer to specialize a generic base classfor a specific application, is used in Section 5.8.2 tobuild a reusable parallel library.